GH-50816: [C++][IPC] Improve sparse tensor index validation

[rok]

Rationale for this change

Invalid sparse tensor indices should be rejected consistently before sparse-to-dense conversion.

What changes are included in this PR?

• Validate sparse index bounds and index tensor buffers.
• Validate compressed pointer consistency.
• Validate CSF axis ordering.
• Check sparse values and dense tensor sizes before conversion.
• Keep CSF IPC index buffer sizing consistent with the index element width.

Are these changes tested?

Regression tests were added for invalid CSF axis ordering and out-of-range CSR and CSF indices. C++ formatting and lint checks pass.

Are there any user-facing changes?

Invalid sparse tensor inputs that were previously accepted are now rejected with an Invalid status.

• GitHub Issue: [C++][IPC] Improve sparse tensor index validation #50816