diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index b5e342c54..81bc03a8c 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 .PHONY: deps deps-linux deps-macos compile-programs-asm compile-programs-rust compile-bench \
-compile-programs clean-asm clean-rust clean-bench clean-shared clean test test-asm test-no-compile \
-test-asm-no-compile test-rust test-rust-no-compile test-executor flamegraph-prover \
+compile-programs clean-asm clean-rust clean-bench clean-shared clean test test-asm \
+test-rust test-executor test-flamegraph flamegraph-prover \
 test-fast test-prover test-prover-all test-disk-spill test-math-cuda test-cuda-integration \
 bench-math-cuda bench-prover bench-prover-cuda build check clippy fmt lint regen-ethrex-fixtures \
 update-ethrex-fixture-checksums check-ethrex-fixture-checksums
@@ -35,7 +35,8 @@ BENCH_ARTIFACTS_DIR=./executor/program_artifacts/bench
 
 SHARED_TARGET_DIR=./executor/shared_target
 
-ASM_PROGRAMS = $(wildcard $(ASM_PROGRAMS_DIR)/*.s)
+ASM_PROGRAMS := $(wildcard $(ASM_PROGRAMS_DIR)/*.s)
+ASM_ARTIFACTS := $(patsubst $(ASM_PROGRAMS_DIR)/%.s,$(ASM_ARTIFACTS_DIR)/%.elf,$(ASM_PROGRAMS))
 
 RUST_PROGRAM_DIRS := $(dir $(wildcard $(RUST_PROGRAMS_DIR)/*/Cargo.toml))
 RUST_PROGRAMS := $(notdir $(basename $(RUST_PROGRAM_DIRS:%/=%)))
@@ -120,12 +121,13 @@ prepare-sysroot:
 		fi; \
 	fi
 
-compile-programs-asm:
-	@mkdir -p $(ASM_ARTIFACTS_DIR)
-	@set -e; for src in $(ASM_PROGRAMS); do \
-		echo "$(CLANG) $(ASM_CFLAGS) $(ASM_LDFLAGS) $$src -o $(ASM_ARTIFACTS_DIR)/$$(basename $$src .s).elf"; \
-		$(CLANG) $(ASM_CFLAGS) $(ASM_LDFLAGS) $$src -o $(ASM_ARTIFACTS_DIR)/$$(basename $$src .s).elf; \
-	done
+compile-programs-asm: $(ASM_ARTIFACTS)
+
+$(ASM_ARTIFACTS_DIR):
+	mkdir -p $@
+
+$(ASM_ARTIFACTS_DIR)/%.elf: $(ASM_PROGRAMS_DIR)/%.s | $(ASM_ARTIFACTS_DIR)
+	$(CLANG) $(ASM_CFLAGS) $(ASM_LDFLAGS) $< -o $@
 
 compile-programs-rust: prepare-sysroot $(RUST_ARTIFACTS)
 
@@ -134,14 +136,19 @@ compile-bench: prepare-sysroot $(BENCH_ARTIFACTS)
 compile-programs: compile-programs-asm compile-programs-rust compile-bench
 
 
+$(RUST_ARTIFACTS_DIR):
+	mkdir -p $@
+
+$(BENCH_ARTIFACTS_DIR):
+	mkdir -p $@
+
 # Compile rust (64-bit)
 # Order-only `| prepare-sysroot` so a direct `make .../foo.elf` provisions the sysroot
 # first (the aggregate compile-programs-rust/compile-bench targets already do, but a
 # bare pattern-rule invocation like `make -B .../ethrex.elf` would otherwise skip it
 # and fail to compile guest C dependencies). Order-only because prepare-sysroot is
 # .PHONY — a normal prereq would force a rebuild every time; its recipe is idempotent.
-$(RUST_ARTIFACTS_DIR)/%.elf: $(RUST_PROGRAMS_DIR)/%/Cargo.toml | prepare-sysroot
-	@mkdir -p $(RUST_ARTIFACTS_DIR)
+$(RUST_ARTIFACTS_DIR)/%.elf: $(RUST_PROGRAMS_DIR)/%/Cargo.toml | prepare-sysroot $(RUST_ARTIFACTS_DIR)
 	cd $(RUST_PROGRAMS_DIR)/$* && \
 		CARGO_TARGET_DIR=$(abspath $(SHARED_TARGET_DIR)) \
 		CFLAGS_riscv64im_lambda_vm_elf="$(SYSROOT_CFLAGS)" \
@@ -153,8 +160,7 @@ $(RUST_ARTIFACTS_DIR)/%.elf: $(RUST_PROGRAMS_DIR)/%/Cargo.toml | prepare-sysroot
 	cp $(SHARED_TARGET_DIR)/riscv64im-lambda-vm-elf/release/$* $@
 
 # Compile rust benches (64-bit)
-$(BENCH_ARTIFACTS_DIR)/%.elf: $(BENCH_PROGRAMS_DIR)/%/Cargo.toml | prepare-sysroot
-	@mkdir -p $(BENCH_ARTIFACTS_DIR)
+$(BENCH_ARTIFACTS_DIR)/%.elf: $(BENCH_PROGRAMS_DIR)/%/Cargo.toml | prepare-sysroot $(BENCH_ARTIFACTS_DIR)
 	cd $(BENCH_PROGRAMS_DIR)/$* && \
 		CARGO_TARGET_DIR=$(abspath $(SHARED_TARGET_DIR)) \
 		CFLAGS_riscv64im_lambda_vm_elf="$(SYSROOT_CFLAGS)" \
@@ -179,22 +185,15 @@ clean-shared:
 
 clean: clean-asm clean-rust clean-bench clean-shared
 
-test-executor: compile-programs test-no-compile
-
-test-asm: compile-programs-asm test-asm-no-compile
+test-executor: compile-programs
+	cargo test -p executor
 
-test-asm-no-compile:
+test-asm: compile-programs-asm
 	cargo test -p executor --test asm
 
 test-rust: compile-programs-rust
 	cargo test -p executor --test rust
 
-test-rust-no-compile:
-	cargo test -p executor --test rust
-
-test-no-compile:
-	cargo test -p executor
-
 test-flamegraph:
 	cargo test -p executor --test flamegraph