diff --git a/.changeset/env-keys-error-copy.md b/.changeset/env-keys-error-copy.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7bddf3b0186
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/env-keys-error-copy.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+'@clerk/shared': patch
+---
+
+Missing and invalid key errors now list the Clerk CLI commands that fix them: `npx clerk@latest init` for a new app, `npx clerk@latest link` and `npx clerk@latest env pull` for an existing one, and `npx clerk@latest env pull --instance prod` for production keys. The missing secret key error skips `init`, since the publishable key already points to an existing app.
diff --git a/integration/tests/next-middleware-keyless.test.ts b/integration/tests/next-middleware-keyless.test.ts
index 4b726ec0116..d699b7790f8 100644
--- a/integration/tests/next-middleware-keyless.test.ts
+++ b/integration/tests/next-middleware-keyless.test.ts
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ test.describe('Keyless mode | middleware authorization @nextjs', () => {
     const response = await page.goto(`${app.serverUrl}/protected`);
     expect(response?.status()).toBe(500);
     const content = await page.content();
-    expect(content).toContain('Missing publishableKey');
+    expect(content).toContain('Clerk keys are missing from your environment');
     expect(content).toContain('npx clerk@latest init');
   });
 });
diff --git a/integration/tests/next-quickstart-keyless.test.ts b/integration/tests/next-quickstart-keyless.test.ts
index f75845a384a..7ff28369c58 100644
--- a/integration/tests/next-quickstart-keyless.test.ts
+++ b/integration/tests/next-quickstart-keyless.test.ts
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ test.describe('Keyless mode @quickstart', () => {
     const response = await page.goto(`${app.serverUrl}/`);
     expect(response?.status()).toBe(500);
     const content = await page.content();
-    expect(content).toContain('Missing publishableKey');
+    expect(content).toContain('Clerk keys are missing from your environment');
     expect(content).toContain('npx clerk@latest init');
   });
 
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/__tests__/createRedirect.test.ts b/packages/backend/src/__tests__/createRedirect.test.ts
index 481f80a043b..41fe6f5f9d1 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/__tests__/createRedirect.test.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/__tests__/createRedirect.test.ts
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ describe('redirect(redirectAdapter)', () => {
       } as any);
 
       expect(() => redirectToSignIn({ returnBackUrl })).toThrowError(
-        '@clerk/backend: Missing publishableKey. To set up Clerk for this project, in your terminal run:\n\nnpx clerk@latest init',
+        '@clerk/backend: Clerk keys are missing from your environment.\n\nTo create a new Clerk app, run:\nnpx clerk@latest init',
       );
     });
   });
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ describe('redirect(redirectAdapter)', () => {
       });
 
       expect(() => redirectToSignUp({ returnBackUrl })).toThrowError(
-        '@clerk/backend: Missing publishableKey. To set up Clerk for this project, in your terminal run:\n\nnpx clerk@latest init',
+        '@clerk/backend: Clerk keys are missing from your environment.\n\nTo create a new Clerk app, run:\nnpx clerk@latest init',
       );
     });
 
diff --git a/packages/nextjs/src/server/__tests__/clerkMiddlewareKeyless.test.ts b/packages/nextjs/src/server/__tests__/clerkMiddlewareKeyless.test.ts
index 8f4e8842cf4..da6dae6e201 100644
--- a/packages/nextjs/src/server/__tests__/clerkMiddlewareKeyless.test.ts
+++ b/packages/nextjs/src/server/__tests__/clerkMiddlewareKeyless.test.ts
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ describe('clerkMiddleware when Clerk env vars are missing', () => {
   };
 
   it('throws the missing key error pointing at the CLI instead of bootstrapping keyless', async () => {
-    await expect(runMiddleware()).rejects.toThrow(/Missing publishableKey/);
+    await expect(runMiddleware()).rejects.toThrow(/Clerk keys are missing from your environment/);
     await expect(runMiddleware()).rejects.toThrow(/npx clerk@latest init/);
   });
 
@@ -49,6 +49,6 @@ describe('clerkMiddleware when Clerk env vars are missing', () => {
   it('throws the same error regardless of NODE_ENV', async () => {
     vi.stubEnv('NODE_ENV', 'production');
     await expect(runMiddleware()).rejects.toThrow(/npx clerk@latest init/);
-    await expect(runMiddleware()).rejects.toThrow(/npx clerk@latest deploy/);
+    await expect(runMiddleware()).rejects.toThrow(/npx clerk@latest env pull --instance prod/);
   });
 });
diff --git a/packages/shared/src/__tests__/error.spec.ts b/packages/shared/src/__tests__/error.spec.ts
index 0c644d295b7..2e4b7e09cea 100644
--- a/packages/shared/src/__tests__/error.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/shared/src/__tests__/error.spec.ts
@@ -16,16 +16,23 @@ describe('ErrorThrower', () => {
 
   it('throws the correct error message and interpolates pkg and known parameters', () => {
     expect(() => errorThrower.throwInvalidPublishableKeyError({ key: 'whatever' })).toThrow(
-      '@clerk/test-package: The publishableKey passed to Clerk is invalid (key=whatever, expected format: pk_test_... or pk_live_...). To create a Clerk application with valid keys, in your terminal run:\n\nnpx clerk@latest init',
+      '@clerk/test-package: The publishableKey passed to Clerk is invalid (key=whatever, expected format: pk_test_... or pk_live_...).\n\nTo create a new Clerk app, run:\nnpx clerk@latest init',
     );
   });
 
   it('throws the correct error message and interpolates pkg if no parameters are provided', () => {
     expect(() => errorThrower.throwMissingPublishableKeyError()).toThrow(
-      '@clerk/test-package: Missing publishableKey. To set up Clerk for this project, in your terminal run:\n\nnpx clerk@latest init',
+      '@clerk/test-package: Clerk keys are missing from your environment.\n\nTo create a new Clerk app, run:\nnpx clerk@latest init',
     );
   });
 
+  it('names the missing key so the secret key error is distinguishable from the publishable key error', () => {
+    expect(() => errorThrower.throwMissingSecretKeyError()).toThrow(
+      '@clerk/test-package: Missing secretKey.\n\nTo use an existing Clerk app, run:\nnpx clerk@latest link\nnpx clerk@latest env pull',
+    );
+    expect(() => errorThrower.throwMissingSecretKeyError()).not.toThrow(/npx clerk@latest init/);
+  });
+
   it('throws a custom error message and interpolates pkg and known parameters', () => {
     expect(() =>
       errorThrower
diff --git a/packages/shared/src/__tests__/keys.spec.ts b/packages/shared/src/__tests__/keys.spec.ts
index c9ec4d42acc..37f51fcf825 100644
--- a/packages/shared/src/__tests__/keys.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/shared/src/__tests__/keys.spec.ts
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ describe('parsePublishableKey(key)', () => {
 
   it('throws an error if the publishable key is missing, when fatal: true', () => {
     expect(() => parsePublishableKey(undefined, { fatal: true })).toThrowError(
-      'Publishable key is missing. To create a Clerk application with valid keys, in your terminal run:\n\nnpx clerk@latest init',
+      'Publishable key is missing.\n\nTo create a new Clerk app, run:\nnpx clerk@latest init',
     );
   });
 
diff --git a/packages/shared/src/__tests__/loadClerkJsScript.spec.ts b/packages/shared/src/__tests__/loadClerkJsScript.spec.ts
index 7ee8d815c43..75304bb6dba 100644
--- a/packages/shared/src/__tests__/loadClerkJsScript.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/shared/src/__tests__/loadClerkJsScript.spec.ts
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ describe('loadClerkJsScript(options)', () => {
 
   test('throws error when publishableKey is missing', async () => {
     await expect(loadClerkJsScript({} as any)).rejects.toThrow(
-      '@clerk/react: Missing publishableKey. To set up Clerk for this project, in your terminal run:\n\nnpx clerk@latest init',
+      '@clerk/react: Clerk keys are missing from your environment.\n\nTo create a new Clerk app, run:\nnpx clerk@latest init',
     );
   });
 
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ describe('loadClerkUIScript(options)', () => {
 
   test('throws error when publishableKey is missing', async () => {
     await expect(loadClerkUIScript({} as any)).rejects.toThrow(
-      '@clerk/react: Missing publishableKey. To set up Clerk for this project, in your terminal run:\n\nnpx clerk@latest init',
+      '@clerk/react: Clerk keys are missing from your environment.\n\nTo create a new Clerk app, run:\nnpx clerk@latest init',
     );
   });
 
diff --git a/packages/shared/src/errors/errorThrower.ts b/packages/shared/src/errors/errorThrower.ts
index 9375e994eff..589866d666c 100644
--- a/packages/shared/src/errors/errorThrower.ts
+++ b/packages/shared/src/errors/errorThrower.ts
@@ -1,26 +1,16 @@
+import { existingAppKeyGuidance, keySetupGuidance } from './keySetupGuidance';
+
 const DefaultMessages = Object.freeze({
   InvalidProxyUrlErrorMessage: `The proxyUrl passed to Clerk is invalid. The expected value for proxyUrl is an absolute URL or a relative path with a leading '/'. (key={{url}})`,
-  InvalidPublishableKeyErrorMessage: `The publishableKey passed to Clerk is invalid (key={{key}}, expected format: pk_test_... or pk_live_...). To create a Clerk application with valid keys, in your terminal run:
-
-npx clerk@latest init
-
-\`npx clerk@latest init\` creates a Clerk application and writes keys to your .env file. No Clerk account or login required and the command is non-interactive.
-
-If you have a Clerk application, run \`npx clerk@latest env pull\` to write the keys (\`--instance prod\` for production keys). Or copy its Publishable key from https://dashboard.clerk.com/~/api-keys.`,
-  MissingPublishableKeyErrorMessage: `Missing publishableKey. To set up Clerk for this project, in your terminal run:
-
-npx clerk@latest init
-
-\`npx clerk@latest init\` creates a Clerk application and writes keys to your .env file. No Clerk account or login required and the command is non-interactive.
-
-If you have a Clerk application, run \`npx clerk@latest env pull\` to write the keys. Or copy them from https://dashboard.clerk.com/~/api-keys. Deploy a production instance by running \`npx clerk@latest deploy\`, or \`npx clerk@latest env pull --instance prod\` to use an existing one.`,
-  MissingSecretKeyErrorMessage: `Missing secretKey. To set up Clerk for this project, in your terminal run:
+  InvalidPublishableKeyErrorMessage: `The publishableKey passed to Clerk is invalid (key={{key}}, expected format: pk_test_... or pk_live_...).
 
-npx clerk@latest init
+${keySetupGuidance}`,
+  MissingPublishableKeyErrorMessage: `Clerk keys are missing from your environment.
 
-\`npx clerk@latest init\` creates a Clerk application and writes keys to your .env file. No Clerk account or login required and the command is non-interactive.
+${keySetupGuidance}`,
+  MissingSecretKeyErrorMessage: `Missing secretKey.
 
-If you have a Clerk application, run \`npx clerk@latest env pull\` to write the keys. Or copy them from https://dashboard.clerk.com/~/api-keys. Deploy a production instance by running \`npx clerk@latest deploy\`, or \`npx clerk@latest env pull --instance prod\` to use an existing one.`,
+${existingAppKeyGuidance}`,
   MissingClerkProvider: `{{source}} can only be used within the <ClerkProvider /> component. Learn more: https://clerk.com/docs/components/clerk-provider`,
 });
 
diff --git a/packages/shared/src/errors/keySetupGuidance.ts b/packages/shared/src/errors/keySetupGuidance.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..cda3ba1e7ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/shared/src/errors/keySetupGuidance.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+const existingAppSteps = `To use an existing Clerk app, run:
+npx clerk@latest link
+npx clerk@latest env pull
+
+For production keys, run:
+npx clerk@latest env pull --instance prod`;
+
+const dashboardFallback = `Or copy keys from https://dashboard.clerk.com/~/api-keys into your .env file.`;
+
+export const keySetupGuidance = `To create a new Clerk app, run:
+npx clerk@latest init
+
+${existingAppSteps}
+
+${dashboardFallback}`;
+
+export const existingAppKeyGuidance = `${existingAppSteps}
+
+${dashboardFallback}`;
diff --git a/packages/shared/src/keys.ts b/packages/shared/src/keys.ts
index 9949277f0da..378301ecd1f 100644
--- a/packages/shared/src/keys.ts
+++ b/packages/shared/src/keys.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { DEV_OR_STAGING_SUFFIXES, LEGACY_DEV_INSTANCE_SUFFIXES } from './constants';
+import { keySetupGuidance } from './errors/keySetupGuidance';
 import { isomorphicAtob } from './isomorphicAtob';
 import { isomorphicBtoa } from './isomorphicBtoa';
 import type { PublishableKey } from './types';
@@ -98,14 +99,6 @@ function isValidDecodedPublishableKey(decoded: string): boolean {
   return withoutTrailing.includes('.');
 }
 
-const fatalKeyGuidance = `To create a Clerk application with valid keys, in your terminal run:
-
-npx clerk@latest init
-
-\`npx clerk@latest init\` creates a Clerk application and writes keys to your .env file. No Clerk account or login required and the command is non-interactive.
-
-If you have a Clerk application, run \`npx clerk@latest env pull\` to write the keys (\`--instance prod\` for production keys). Or copy them from https://dashboard.clerk.com/~/api-keys.`;
-
 export function parsePublishableKey(
   key: string | undefined,
   options: ParsePublishableKeyOptions & { fatal: true },
@@ -135,10 +128,12 @@ export function parsePublishableKey(
 
   if (!key || !isPublishableKey(key)) {
     if (options.fatal && !key) {
-      throw new Error(`Publishable key is missing. ${fatalKeyGuidance}`);
+      throw new Error(`Publishable key is missing.\n\n${keySetupGuidance}`);
     }
     if (options.fatal && !isPublishableKey(key)) {
-      throw new Error(`Publishable key not valid (expected format: pk_test_... or pk_live_...). ${fatalKeyGuidance}`);
+      throw new Error(
+        `Publishable key not valid (expected format: pk_test_... or pk_live_...).\n\n${keySetupGuidance}`,
+      );
     }
     return null;
   }
@@ -150,14 +145,14 @@ export function parsePublishableKey(
     decodedFrontendApi = isomorphicAtob(key.split('_')[2]);
   } catch {
     if (options.fatal) {
-      throw new Error(`Publishable key not valid: Failed to decode key. ${fatalKeyGuidance}`);
+      throw new Error(`Publishable key not valid: Failed to decode key.\n\n${keySetupGuidance}`);
     }
     return null;
   }
 
   if (!isValidDecodedPublishableKey(decodedFrontendApi)) {
     if (options.fatal) {
-      throw new Error(`Publishable key not valid: Decoded key has invalid format. ${fatalKeyGuidance}`);
+      throw new Error(`Publishable key not valid: Decoded key has invalid format.\n\n${keySetupGuidance}`);
     }
     return null;
   }