diff --git a/changelog.d/1861-meeting-speaks-for.added.md b/changelog.d/1861-meeting-speaks-for.added.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5a20d3cb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1861-meeting-speaks-for.added.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+A meeting can now record who a Project Chief or an owner's agent speaks for: positions carry `speaksFor`, the archived decision file names the proxy beside that position, and a `severe` decision is refused when one side rests only on a proxy whose person has neither taken a position nor been recorded silent ([#1861](https://github.com/ThinkFlowLab/FlyBot/issues/1861)).
diff --git a/core/client.js b/core/client.js
index 4d1bdd506..dd4c37710 100644
--- a/core/client.js
+++ b/core/client.js
@@ -20237,7 +20237,10 @@ var meetingOf = (meeting, status) => {
     // recipients, exactly as the host reads it.
     level: text(meeting.level) || "ordinary",
     recipients: Array.isArray(meeting.recipients) ? meeting.recipients.map((item) => text(item)).filter((name) => name !== "") : [],
-    advance: meeting.advance !== null && typeof meeting.advance === "object" ? { allowed: meeting.advance.allowed === true, reason: text(meeting.advance.reason) || null } : { allowed: true, reason: null }
+    advance: meeting.advance !== null && typeof meeting.advance === "object" ? { allowed: meeting.advance.allowed === true, reason: text(meeting.advance.reason) || null } : { allowed: true, reason: null },
+    // #1861: the host's participants with who each position speaks for, so the row can say a
+    // Project Chief or an agent held it for someone rather than for themselves.
+    participants: Array.isArray(meeting.participants) ? meeting.participants.map((participant) => ({ name: text(participant?.name), speaksFor: text(participant?.speaksFor) || null })).filter((participant) => participant.name !== "") : []
   };
 };
 var listOf = (value) => Array.isArray(value) ? value.map((item) => decisionOf(item)).filter((item) => item !== null) : [];
@@ -20514,18 +20517,21 @@ function ProjectBoardRecord({ record }) {
     (0, import_react47.createElement)("span", { className: "bt-project-title" }, file.title === "" ? file.name : file.title),
     (0, import_react47.createElement)("span", { className: "bt-project-hash", title: file.sha256 }, file.shortHash)
   ));
+  const recipientText = (list) => list.length === 0 ? null : list.map((name) => `@${name}`).join(", ");
+  const proxyText = (meeting) => meeting.participants.filter((participant) => participant.speaksFor !== null).map((participant) => `${participant.name} ${t("for {user}", { user: participant.speaksFor })}`).join(", ");
+  const proxyRow = (meeting) => proxyText(meeting) === "" ? null : (0, import_react47.createElement)("span", { className: "bt-project-speaks-for", "data-speaks-for": meeting.participants.filter((p) => p.speaksFor !== null).map((p) => p.speaksFor).join(", ") }, proxyText(meeting));
+  const levelOf = (meeting) => (0, import_react47.createElement)("span", { className: "bt-project-level", "data-level": meeting.level }, t(meeting.level));
   const decidedRows = meetings.decided.map((meeting) => (0, import_react47.createElement)(
     "div",
     { key: meeting.key, className: "bt-project-meeting", "data-status": "decided" },
     (0, import_react47.createElement)("span", { className: "bt-project-date" }, meeting.date),
     (0, import_react47.createElement)("span", { className: "bt-project-title" }, meeting.question),
     meeting.owner === null ? null : (0, import_react47.createElement)("span", { className: "bt-project-owner" }, `@${meeting.owner}`),
+    proxyRow(meeting),
     // A decided meeting whose file is gone still reads as decided; the missing path says so
     // instead of the row disappearing with the file.
     meeting.path === "" ? (0, import_react47.createElement)("span", { className: "bt-project-missing" }, "decision file gone") : (0, import_react47.createElement)("span", { className: "bt-project-path" }, meeting.path)
   ));
-  const recipientText = (list) => list.length === 0 ? null : list.map((name) => `@${name}`).join(", ");
-  const levelOf = (meeting) => (0, import_react47.createElement)("span", { className: "bt-project-level", "data-level": meeting.level }, t(meeting.level));
   const pendingRows = meetings.pending.map((meeting) => (0, import_react47.createElement)(
     "div",
     { key: meeting.key, className: "bt-project-meeting", "data-status": meeting.status, "data-level": meeting.level },
@@ -20534,6 +20540,7 @@ function ProjectBoardRecord({ record }) {
     levelOf(meeting),
     recipientText(meeting.recipients) === null ? null : (0, import_react47.createElement)("span", { className: "bt-project-recipients" }, recipientText(meeting.recipients)),
     meeting.advance.allowed ? null : (0, import_react47.createElement)("span", { className: "bt-project-paused" }, meeting.advance.reason),
+    proxyRow(meeting),
     (0, import_react47.createElement)("span", { className: "bt-project-status" }, meeting.status)
   ));
   return (0, import_react47.createElement)(
diff --git a/core/src/client/project-board.js b/core/src/client/project-board.js
index 386a1a742..e93f40e87 100644
--- a/core/src/client/project-board.js
+++ b/core/src/client/project-board.js
@@ -140,6 +140,13 @@ const meetingOf = (meeting, status) => {
     advance: meeting.advance !== null && typeof meeting.advance === 'object'
       ? { allowed: meeting.advance.allowed === true, reason: text(meeting.advance.reason) || null }
       : { allowed: true, reason: null },
+    // #1861: the host's participants with who each position speaks for, so the row can say a
+    // Project Chief or an agent held it for someone rather than for themselves.
+    participants: Array.isArray(meeting.participants)
+      ? meeting.participants
+        .map(participant => ({ name: text(participant?.name), speaksFor: text(participant?.speaksFor) || null }))
+        .filter(participant => participant.name !== '')
+      : [],
   }
 }
 
@@ -424,10 +431,21 @@ function ProjectBoardRecord({ record }) {
     h('span', { className: 'bt-project-date' }, file.date),
     h('span', { className: 'bt-project-title' }, file.title === '' ? file.name : file.title),
     h('span', { className: 'bt-project-hash', title: file.sha256 }, file.shortHash)))
+  const recipientText = list => (list.length === 0 ? null : list.map(name => `@${name}`).join(', '))
+  // A proxy line reads in the same words a task row already uses for a proxy holder.
+  const proxyText = meeting => meeting.participants
+    .filter(participant => participant.speaksFor !== null)
+    .map(participant => `${participant.name} ${t('for {user}', { user: participant.speaksFor })}`)
+    .join(', ')
+  const proxyRow = meeting => (proxyText(meeting) === ''
+    ? null
+    : h('span', { className: 'bt-project-speaks-for', 'data-speaks-for': meeting.participants.filter(p => p.speaksFor !== null).map(p => p.speaksFor).join(', ') }, proxyText(meeting)))
+  const levelOf = meeting => h('span', { className: 'bt-project-level', 'data-level': meeting.level }, t(meeting.level))
   const decidedRows = meetings.decided.map(meeting => h('div', { key: meeting.key, className: 'bt-project-meeting', 'data-status': 'decided' },
     h('span', { className: 'bt-project-date' }, meeting.date),
     h('span', { className: 'bt-project-title' }, meeting.question),
     meeting.owner === null ? null : h('span', { className: 'bt-project-owner' }, `@${meeting.owner}`),
+    proxyRow(meeting),
     // A decided meeting whose file is gone still reads as decided; the missing path says so
     // instead of the row disappearing with the file.
     meeting.path === ''
@@ -436,14 +454,13 @@ function ProjectBoardRecord({ record }) {
   // #1831: a pending decision card carries its level, who it is addressed to, and — for a severe
   // card — the host's own refusal to advance it. The words are the host's; the badge only says
   // which level it is, so a reader can see a severe card without opening it.
-  const recipientText = list => (list.length === 0 ? null : list.map(name => `@${name}`).join(', '))
-  const levelOf = meeting => h('span', { className: 'bt-project-level', 'data-level': meeting.level }, t(meeting.level))
   const pendingRows = meetings.pending.map(meeting => h('div', { key: meeting.key, className: 'bt-project-meeting', 'data-status': meeting.status, 'data-level': meeting.level },
     h('span', { className: 'bt-project-date' }, meeting.date),
     h('span', { className: 'bt-project-title' }, meeting.blockingQuestion === null ? meeting.question : meeting.blockingQuestion),
     levelOf(meeting),
     recipientText(meeting.recipients) === null ? null : h('span', { className: 'bt-project-recipients' }, recipientText(meeting.recipients)),
     meeting.advance.allowed ? null : h('span', { className: 'bt-project-paused' }, meeting.advance.reason),
+    proxyRow(meeting),
     h('span', { className: 'bt-project-status' }, meeting.status)))
   return h('section', { className: 'bt-project-record', 'data-decisions': String(decisions.count), 'data-meetings': String(meetings.count) },
     h('h4', null, t('Decisions')),
diff --git a/core/src/host/meetings.js b/core/src/host/meetings.js
index 513d04879..38b8efb55 100644
--- a/core/src/host/meetings.js
+++ b/core/src/host/meetings.js
@@ -40,13 +40,19 @@ export const decisionsPath = (now, slug) => `decisions/${dateOf(now)}-${slug}.md
 function readParticipants(value) {
   if (!Array.isArray(value) || value.length === 0) throw refuse('invalid', 'a meeting needs at least one invited participant')
   if (value.length > PARTICIPANTS_MAX) throw refuse('invalid', `a meeting invites at most ${PARTICIPANTS_MAX} participants`)
-  const names = []
+  const invited = []
   for (const item of value) {
     const name = oneLine(typeof item === 'string' ? item : item?.name, NAME_MAX)
     if (name === '') throw refuse('invalid', 'a participant needs a name')
-    if (!names.includes(name)) names.push(name)
+    const speaksFor = oneLine(typeof item === 'string' ? '' : item?.speaksFor, NAME_MAX)
+    if (invited.some(entry => entry.name === name)) continue
+    invited.push(speaksFor === '' ? { name } : { name, speaksFor })
   }
-  return names.map(name => ({ name, position: undefined, silent: false }))
+  return invited.map(entry => ({
+    ...entry,
+    position: undefined,
+    silent: false,
+  }))
 }
 
 // #1831: the level a decision card carries, and who it is addressed to. `ordinary` closes on one
@@ -103,8 +109,36 @@ function readOptions(value) {
 // or undefined when it may: every invited participant recorded a position (or is recorded as not
 // answering), the decision names its owner, and a dissent carries its own owner. `blocked` is not
 // checked here — a blocked meeting is a legitimate outcome with its own one-sentence question.
+// #1861: a Project Chief or an owner's agent may hold a position for a person, but a `severe`
+// decision may not rest on a proxy alone. When one side's every position is a proxy and the
+// spoken-for person has neither taken a position nor been recorded silent, the meeting is refused
+// before anything is written: the person whose risk it is has to be on the record.
+export function proxyRefusal(meeting) {
+  const level = DECISION_LEVELS.includes(meeting.level) ? meeting.level : 'ordinary'
+  if (level !== 'severe') return undefined
+  const sides = new Map()
+  for (const participant of meeting.participants ?? []) {
+    if (participant?.position === undefined) continue
+    const spokenFor = oneLine(participant.speaksFor ?? participant.position?.speaksFor, NAME_MAX)
+    const side = sides.get(participant.position.stance) ?? []
+    side.push({ name: participant.name, speaksFor: spokenFor })
+    sides.set(participant.position.stance, side)
+  }
+  for (const [stance, side] of sides) {
+    if (!side.every(entry => entry.speaksFor !== '')) continue
+    for (const entry of side) {
+      const person = (meeting.participants ?? []).find(p => p.name === entry.speaksFor)
+      if (person !== undefined && (person.position !== undefined || person.silent === true)) continue
+      return `the ${stance} side of a severe decision rests only on a proxy: ${entry.speaksFor} must take the position itself or be recorded silent`
+    }
+  }
+  return undefined
+}
+
 export function governanceRefusal(meeting) {
   if (!OPEN_STATES.has(meeting.status)) return `the meeting is ${meeting.status}, not open or deliberating`
+  const proxied = proxyRefusal(meeting)
+  if (proxied !== undefined) return proxied
   const missing = (meeting.participants ?? []).filter(p => p.position === undefined && p.silent !== true).map(p => p.name)
   if (missing.length > 0) return `no position recorded for: ${missing.join(', ')}`
   if (oneLine(meeting.owner, NAME_MAX) === '') return 'the decision names no owner'
@@ -163,7 +197,8 @@ const decisionBody = (meeting, file, at) => {
     const said = position === undefined
       ? 'invited; recorded no position (silent)'
       : `${position.stance}${position.text ? ` — ${position.text}` : ''}`
-    lines.push(`- **${participant.name}** — ${said}`)
+    const proxy = oneLine(participant.speaksFor ?? position?.speaksFor, NAME_MAX)
+    lines.push(`- **${participant.name}** — ${said}${proxy === '' ? '' : ` (speaks for ${proxy})`}`)
   }
   lines.push('', '## Dissent', '')
   lines.push(meeting.dissent === undefined
@@ -220,7 +255,7 @@ export function install(rt) {
     return meeting
   }
 
-  const position = (meeting, { as, stance, text, silent }, now) => {
+  const position = (meeting, { as, stance, text, silent, speaksFor }, now) => {
     if (!OPEN_STATES.has(meeting.status)) throw refuse('closed', `the meeting is ${meeting.status}`)
     const name = oneLine(as, NAME_MAX)
     const participant = meeting.participants.find(p => p.name === name)
@@ -236,7 +271,12 @@ export function install(rt) {
     participant.silent = false
     const chosen = String(stance ?? 'agree')
     if (!STANCES.includes(chosen)) throw refuse('invalid', 'stance must be agree, dissent or abstain')
-    participant.position = { stance: chosen, text: oneLine(text, TEXT_MAX), at: now }
+    // #1861: a Project Chief or an owner's agent writes a position on a person's behalf, and the
+    // record says whose it is; an empty value clears it rather than leaving a stale name behind.
+    const spokenFor = oneLine(speaksFor, NAME_MAX)
+    if (spokenFor === '') delete participant.speaksFor
+    else participant.speaksFor = spokenFor
+    participant.position = { stance: chosen, text: oneLine(text, TEXT_MAX), at: now, ...(spokenFor === '' ? {} : { speaksFor: spokenFor }) }
     if (chosen === 'dissent' && oneLine(text, TEXT_MAX) !== '') {
       meeting.dissent = { text: oneLine(text, TEXT_MAX), owner: name }
     }
@@ -466,7 +506,8 @@ export function install(rt) {
     if (meeting.blockingAnswer !== undefined) lines.push(`answer: ${meeting.blockingAnswer}`)
     if (meeting.decisionFile !== undefined) lines.push(`decision file: ${meeting.decisionFile}`, `tasks: ${meeting.taskIds.join(', ') || 'none'}`)
     for (const participant of meeting.participants) {
-      lines.push(`- ${participant.name}: ${participant.position === undefined ? 'silent' : `${participant.position.stance}${participant.position.text ? ` — ${participant.position.text}` : ''}`}`)
+      const proxy = oneLine(participant.speaksFor ?? participant.position?.speaksFor, NAME_MAX)
+      lines.push(`- ${participant.name}: ${participant.position === undefined ? 'silent' : `${participant.position.stance}${participant.position.text ? ` — ${participant.position.text}` : ''}`}${proxy === '' ? '' : ` (speaks for ${proxy})`}`)
     }
     return lines.join('\n')
   }
@@ -483,7 +524,7 @@ export function install(rt) {
         return summary(made)
       }
       case 'position': {
-        const recorded = position(find(body.meeting), { as: body.as ?? actor?.name, stance: body.stance, text: body.text, silent: body.silent }, now)
+        const recorded = position(find(body.meeting), { as: body.as ?? actor?.name, stance: body.stance, text: body.text, silent: body.silent, speaksFor: body.speaksFor }, now)
         await rt.save()
         return summary(recorded)
       }
@@ -518,9 +559,23 @@ export function install(rt) {
       title: { type: 'string', description: 'Optional short title for the decision record (open)' },
       issue: { type: 'integer', description: 'The issue number that triggered the meeting (open)' },
       project: { type: 'string', description: 'The Project the meeting belongs to (open)' },
-      participants: { type: 'array', items: { type: 'string' }, description: 'Every invited participant name (open)' },
+      participants: {
+        type: 'array',
+        items: {
+          oneOf: [
+            { type: 'string' },
+            {
+              type: 'object',
+              additionalProperties: false,
+              properties: { name: { type: 'string' }, speaksFor: { type: 'string' } },
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+        description: 'Every invited participant name, or {name, speaksFor} when the participant is a proxy for someone (open)',
+      },
       options: { type: 'array', items: { type: 'string' }, description: 'Options the meeting weighed (open)' },
       as: { type: 'string', description: 'The participant the position belongs to (position); defaults to the calling Bot\'s name' },
+      speaksFor: { type: 'string', description: 'The person a proxy position speaks for (position): a Project Chief or the owner\'s agent records whose position this is' },
       silent: { type: 'boolean', description: 'Record that the participant did not answer (position); counts as a recorded position for `decided`' },
       stance: { type: 'string', enum: ['agree', 'dissent', 'abstain'], description: 'The position taken (position)' },
       text: { type: 'string', description: 'What the participant said (position)' },
diff --git a/core/src/host/project-board.js b/core/src/host/project-board.js
index d05ba2a05..cb2ea4658 100644
--- a/core/src/host/project-board.js
+++ b/core/src/host/project-board.js
@@ -187,8 +187,20 @@ export function decisionCardOf(meeting) {
   const recipients = Array.isArray(meeting?.recipients)
     ? meeting.recipients.map(item => text(typeof item === 'string' ? item : item?.name)).filter(name => name !== '')
     : []
+  // #1861: the board says who spoke for whom, so a proxy position reads as one. A participant with
+  // no speaksFor is the person themselves; nothing is inferred.
+  const participants = Array.isArray(meeting?.participants)
+    ? meeting.participants
+      .map(participant => ({
+        name: text(participant?.name),
+        speaksFor: text(participant?.speaksFor ?? participant?.position?.speaksFor) || null,
+        stance: text(participant?.position?.stance) || null,
+        silent: participant?.silent === true,
+      }))
+      .filter(participant => participant.name !== '')
+    : []
   const refusal = advanceRefusal(meeting)
-  return { level, recipients, advance: refusal === undefined ? { allowed: true } : { allowed: false, reason: refusal } }
+  return { level, recipients, participants, advance: refusal === undefined ? { allowed: true } : { allowed: false, reason: refusal } }
 }
 
 export function install(rt) {
diff --git a/core/test/meetings.test.js b/core/test/meetings.test.js
index bb1cb4dd5..2ea3d10ba 100644
--- a/core/test/meetings.test.js
+++ b/core/test/meetings.test.js
@@ -223,3 +223,57 @@ test('#1731: two Chinese questions decided on one day keep separate decision fil
   assert.notEqual(files[0], files[1])
   assert.deepEqual(readdirSync(join(dir, 'decisions')).sort(), files.map(f => f.replace('decisions/', '')).sort())
 })
+
+// #1861: a Project Chief or an owner's agent speaks for a person. The position is recorded once,
+// the record says whose it is, and a severe decision may not rest on a proxy alone.
+test('#1861: a proxy position is stored, counted once, and the record names whom it speaks for', async (t) => {
+  const { rt, dir, meeting, open, stop } = await boot()
+  t.after(stop)
+  const id = await open('Who holds the storage decision?', ['Chief', 'Owner', { name: 'Project Chief', speaksFor: 'Owner' }])
+  const text = await meeting({ action: 'position', meeting: id, as: 'Project Chief', stance: 'agree', text: 'the existing store', speaksFor: 'Owner' })
+  assert.match(text, /positions 1\/3/)
+  assert.match(text, /Project Chief: agree — the existing store \(speaks for Owner\)/)
+  const stored = rt.state.meetings[id].participants.find(p => p.name === 'Project Chief')
+  assert.equal(stored.speaksFor, 'Owner')
+  assert.equal(stored.position.speaksFor, 'Owner')
+  // The same position read again is one position, not two.
+  await meeting({ action: 'position', meeting: id, as: 'Owner', silent: true })
+  await meeting({ action: 'position', meeting: id, as: 'Chief', stance: 'agree', text: 'the existing store' })
+  await meeting({ action: 'decide', meeting: id, owner: 'Chief', decision: 'Use the existing store.', evidence: [{ pr: 1861 }] })
+  const body = readFileSync(join(dir, rt.state.meetings[id].decisionFile), 'utf8')
+  assert.match(body, /\*\*Project Chief\*\* — agree — the existing store \(speaks for Owner\)/)
+  assert.match(body, /Written-by: Chief/)
+})
+
+test('#1861: a severe decision is refused when its only agree position is a proxy and the person is absent', async (t) => {
+  const { rt, dir, meeting, open, stop } = await boot()
+  t.after(stop)
+  const id = await open('Should the storage migration be irreversible?', ['Chief', 'Owner', 'Reviewer'], { level: 'severe' })
+  await meeting({ action: 'position', meeting: id, as: 'Chief', stance: 'agree', text: 'ship it', speaksFor: 'Owner' })
+  await meeting({ action: 'position', meeting: id, as: 'Reviewer', stance: 'dissent', text: 'wait' })
+  await assert.rejects(
+    meeting({ action: 'decide', meeting: id, owner: 'Chief', decision: 'Ship the migration.', evidence: [{ pr: 1861 }] }),
+    /governance: the agree side of a severe decision rests only on a proxy: Owner must take the position itself or be recorded silent/,
+  )
+  assert.equal(rt.state.meetings[id].status, 'deliberating')
+  assert.equal(existsSync(join(dir, 'decisions')), false, 'a refused severe decision writes no file')
+  // The same proxy carries it once the person is recorded silent, and the file says so.
+  await meeting({ action: 'position', meeting: id, as: 'Owner', silent: true })
+  await meeting({ action: 'decide', meeting: id, owner: 'Chief', decision: 'Ship the migration.', evidence: [{ pr: 1861 }] })
+  const body = readFileSync(join(dir, rt.state.meetings[id].decisionFile), 'utf8')
+  assert.match(body, /\*\*Owner\*\* — invited; recorded no position \(silent\)/)
+  assert.match(body, /\*\*Chief\*\* — agree — ship it \(speaks for Owner\)/)
+})
+
+test('#1861: the decision card exposes the participants and their proxies', async (t) => {
+  const { rt, open, meeting, stop } = await boot()
+  t.after(stop)
+  const { decisionCardOf } = await import('../src/host/project-board.js')
+  const id = await open('Who holds the storage decision?', ['Chief', 'Owner'])
+  await meeting({ action: 'position', meeting: id, as: 'Chief', stance: 'agree', text: 'ship it', speaksFor: 'Owner' })
+  const card = decisionCardOf(rt.state.meetings[id])
+  assert.deepEqual(card.participants, [
+    { name: 'Chief', speaksFor: 'Owner', stance: 'agree', silent: false },
+    { name: 'Owner', speaksFor: null, stance: null, silent: false },
+  ])
+})
diff --git a/core/test/project-board-levels.test.js b/core/test/project-board-levels.test.js
index 78f5cd96b..8f820077d 100644
--- a/core/test/project-board-levels.test.js
+++ b/core/test/project-board-levels.test.js
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ test('#1831: a severe card on the board carries the pause reason the host refuse
   assert.equal(severe.advance.allowed, false)
   assert.match(severe.advance.reason, /waits for the Owner/)
   // A record written before this slice carries none of the three keys and reads as ordinary.
-  assert.deepEqual(decisionCardOf({ id: 'meeting-0', status: 'open' }), { level: 'ordinary', recipients: [], advance: { allowed: true } })
+  assert.deepEqual(decisionCardOf({ id: 'meeting-0', status: 'open' }), { level: 'ordinary', recipients: [], participants: [], advance: { allowed: true } })
 })
 
 test('#1831: the board read copies the level, the recipients and the identities it was given', async () => {
diff --git a/docs/subsystems/core-client.md b/docs/subsystems/core-client.md
index dd4c7ce72..f92b23a3d 100644
--- a/docs/subsystems/core-client.md
+++ b/docs/subsystems/core-client.md
@@ -343,4 +343,4 @@ inferred from an assignee label.
 
 ## Project board metrics and the running table (#1829)
 
-`core/src/client/project-board.js` draws the seven cards the host's `project-board` read carries in `metrics`: four day counts and three seven-day medians, each with a one-line caption naming the field and the window. A value the host answered `null` renders `—` (u+2014) and never `0`; an `ok: false` read draws the same cards plus one line naming the host's reason. `metricsView` is pure and takes the host's object as it came. The running table below renders `metrics.running` — a claimed card's title, status, holder, claim age (from the claim's own start), source and last activity — marks a row whose claim passed `RUNNING_OVERDUE_MS` and sends a click through the same `onOpen` the board rows use; with no rows it draws one empty line. The Waiting / In flight / Blocked numbers stay on the one-line count header beside those groups.
+`core/src/client/project-board.js` draws the seven cards the host's `project-board` read carries in `metrics`: four day counts and three seven-day medians, each with a one-line caption naming the field and the window. A value the host answered `null` renders `—` (u+2014) and never `0`; an `ok: false` read draws the same cards plus one line naming the host's reason. `metricsView` is pure and takes the host's object as it came. A meeting row also draws the proxy line (#1861): `projectBoardRecord` keeps each meeting's `participants` with their `speaksFor`, and the decided and pending rows render every proxy as `<name> for {user}` in the same `for {user}` words a task row uses for its holder, with the spoken-for ids also on `data-speaks-for`. The running table below renders `metrics.running` — a claimed card's title, status, holder, claim age (from the claim's own start), source and last activity — marks a row whose claim passed `RUNNING_OVERDUE_MS` and sends a click through the same `onOpen` the board rows use; with no rows it draws one empty line. The Waiting / In flight / Blocked numbers stay on the one-line count header beside those groups.
diff --git a/docs/subsystems/core-host.md b/docs/subsystems/core-host.md
index d7d1e27ab..8fc1bb22f 100644
--- a/docs/subsystems/core-host.md
+++ b/docs/subsystems/core-host.md
@@ -623,6 +623,10 @@ card with no recipients. The same read separates the three identities the record
 carries `holder` (the claim, never the assignee label) and `speaksFor` (the user a card is written for),
 while a decision file keeps its own `Written-by:`. Tests: `core/test/project-board-levels.test.js`.
 
+### Speaking for a person (#1861)
+
+A participant may be invited with `speaksFor` and a `position` may record it, so a Project Chief or an owner's agent can hold a position on a person's behalf; the participant and its position both carry the id, `decide` copies it into the archived record, and the file's `## Participants` line reads `(speaks for <id>)` beside that position. A proxy position counts once in `positions n/m`. `proxyRefusal(meeting)` in `core/src/host/meetings.js` runs inside `governanceRefusal`: a `severe` decision whose only position on one side is a proxy is refused before anything is written unless the spoken-for person is invited and holds their own position or is recorded `silent`. `decisionCardOf` exposes `participants: [{ name, speaksFor, stance, silent }]` and the client meeting row draws the proxy with the existing `for {user}` words. Tests: `core/test/meetings.test.js`.
+
 Reading the board (`project-board`) stays open to a non-owner: the same rows, read-only.
 Those rows are the ones the caller could open through `tasks` (#1723): `store.js` passes the
 authenticated actor into `projectBoard(projectId, actor)`, and the board drops every card
diff --git a/patches/ds-bot/0008-client-bundle.patch b/patches/ds-bot/0008-client-bundle.patch
index 9d3115751..f46e082f5 100644
--- a/patches/ds-bot/0008-client-bundle.patch
+++ b/patches/ds-bot/0008-client-bundle.patch
@@ -18372,7 +18372,7 @@ diff --git a/client.js b/client.js
  }
  function createBotBrowsers({ bridge, createSource: createSource2, storage = globalThis.localStorage, document: doc = globalThis.document }) {
    const views = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
-@@ -13052,11 +13052,814 @@
+@@ -13052,11 +13052,821 @@
    };
  }
  
@@ -18589,7 +18589,10 @@ diff --git a/client.js b/client.js
 +    // recipients, exactly as the host reads it.
 +    level: text(meeting.level) || "ordinary",
 +    recipients: Array.isArray(meeting.recipients) ? meeting.recipients.map((item) => text(item)).filter((name) => name !== "") : [],
-+    advance: meeting.advance !== null && typeof meeting.advance === "object" ? { allowed: meeting.advance.allowed === true, reason: text(meeting.advance.reason) || null } : { allowed: true, reason: null }
++    advance: meeting.advance !== null && typeof meeting.advance === "object" ? { allowed: meeting.advance.allowed === true, reason: text(meeting.advance.reason) || null } : { allowed: true, reason: null },
++    // #1861: the host's participants with who each position speaks for, so the row can say a
++    // Project Chief or an agent held it for someone rather than for themselves.
++    participants: Array.isArray(meeting.participants) ? meeting.participants.map((participant) => ({ name: text(participant?.name), speaksFor: text(participant?.speaksFor) || null })).filter((participant) => participant.name !== "") : []
 +  };
 +};
 +var listOf = (value) => Array.isArray(value) ? value.map((item) => decisionOf(item)).filter((item) => item !== null) : [];
@@ -18866,18 +18869,21 @@ diff --git a/client.js b/client.js
 +    (0, import_react47.createElement)("span", { className: "bt-project-title" }, file.title === "" ? file.name : file.title),
 +    (0, import_react47.createElement)("span", { className: "bt-project-hash", title: file.sha256 }, file.shortHash)
 +  ));
++  const recipientText = (list) => list.length === 0 ? null : list.map((name) => `@${name}`).join(", ");
++  const proxyText = (meeting) => meeting.participants.filter((participant) => participant.speaksFor !== null).map((participant) => `${participant.name} ${t("for {user}", { user: participant.speaksFor })}`).join(", ");
++  const proxyRow = (meeting) => proxyText(meeting) === "" ? null : (0, import_react47.createElement)("span", { className: "bt-project-speaks-for", "data-speaks-for": meeting.participants.filter((p) => p.speaksFor !== null).map((p) => p.speaksFor).join(", ") }, proxyText(meeting));
++  const levelOf = (meeting) => (0, import_react47.createElement)("span", { className: "bt-project-level", "data-level": meeting.level }, t(meeting.level));
 +  const decidedRows = meetings.decided.map((meeting) => (0, import_react47.createElement)(
 +    "div",
 +    { key: meeting.key, className: "bt-project-meeting", "data-status": "decided" },
 +    (0, import_react47.createElement)("span", { className: "bt-project-date" }, meeting.date),
 +    (0, import_react47.createElement)("span", { className: "bt-project-title" }, meeting.question),
 +    meeting.owner === null ? null : (0, import_react47.createElement)("span", { className: "bt-project-owner" }, `@${meeting.owner}`),
++    proxyRow(meeting),
 +    // A decided meeting whose file is gone still reads as decided; the missing path says so
 +    // instead of the row disappearing with the file.
 +    meeting.path === "" ? (0, import_react47.createElement)("span", { className: "bt-project-missing" }, "decision file gone") : (0, import_react47.createElement)("span", { className: "bt-project-path" }, meeting.path)
 +  ));
-+  const recipientText = (list) => list.length === 0 ? null : list.map((name) => `@${name}`).join(", ");
-+  const levelOf = (meeting) => (0, import_react47.createElement)("span", { className: "bt-project-level", "data-level": meeting.level }, t(meeting.level));
 +  const pendingRows = meetings.pending.map((meeting) => (0, import_react47.createElement)(
 +    "div",
 +    { key: meeting.key, className: "bt-project-meeting", "data-status": meeting.status, "data-level": meeting.level },
@@ -18886,6 +18892,7 @@ diff --git a/client.js b/client.js
 +    levelOf(meeting),
 +    recipientText(meeting.recipients) === null ? null : (0, import_react47.createElement)("span", { className: "bt-project-recipients" }, recipientText(meeting.recipients)),
 +    meeting.advance.allowed ? null : (0, import_react47.createElement)("span", { className: "bt-project-paused" }, meeting.advance.reason),
++    proxyRow(meeting),
 +    (0, import_react47.createElement)("span", { className: "bt-project-status" }, meeting.status)
 +  ));
 +  return (0, import_react47.createElement)(
diff --git a/patches/ds-bot/files/src/client/project-board.js b/patches/ds-bot/files/src/client/project-board.js
index 386a1a742..e93f40e87 100644
--- a/patches/ds-bot/files/src/client/project-board.js
+++ b/patches/ds-bot/files/src/client/project-board.js
@@ -140,6 +140,13 @@ const meetingOf = (meeting, status) => {
     advance: meeting.advance !== null && typeof meeting.advance === 'object'
       ? { allowed: meeting.advance.allowed === true, reason: text(meeting.advance.reason) || null }
       : { allowed: true, reason: null },
+    // #1861: the host's participants with who each position speaks for, so the row can say a
+    // Project Chief or an agent held it for someone rather than for themselves.
+    participants: Array.isArray(meeting.participants)
+      ? meeting.participants
+        .map(participant => ({ name: text(participant?.name), speaksFor: text(participant?.speaksFor) || null }))
+        .filter(participant => participant.name !== '')
+      : [],
   }
 }
 
@@ -424,10 +431,21 @@ function ProjectBoardRecord({ record }) {
     h('span', { className: 'bt-project-date' }, file.date),
     h('span', { className: 'bt-project-title' }, file.title === '' ? file.name : file.title),
     h('span', { className: 'bt-project-hash', title: file.sha256 }, file.shortHash)))
+  const recipientText = list => (list.length === 0 ? null : list.map(name => `@${name}`).join(', '))
+  // A proxy line reads in the same words a task row already uses for a proxy holder.
+  const proxyText = meeting => meeting.participants
+    .filter(participant => participant.speaksFor !== null)
+    .map(participant => `${participant.name} ${t('for {user}', { user: participant.speaksFor })}`)
+    .join(', ')
+  const proxyRow = meeting => (proxyText(meeting) === ''
+    ? null
+    : h('span', { className: 'bt-project-speaks-for', 'data-speaks-for': meeting.participants.filter(p => p.speaksFor !== null).map(p => p.speaksFor).join(', ') }, proxyText(meeting)))
+  const levelOf = meeting => h('span', { className: 'bt-project-level', 'data-level': meeting.level }, t(meeting.level))
   const decidedRows = meetings.decided.map(meeting => h('div', { key: meeting.key, className: 'bt-project-meeting', 'data-status': 'decided' },
     h('span', { className: 'bt-project-date' }, meeting.date),
     h('span', { className: 'bt-project-title' }, meeting.question),
     meeting.owner === null ? null : h('span', { className: 'bt-project-owner' }, `@${meeting.owner}`),
+    proxyRow(meeting),
     // A decided meeting whose file is gone still reads as decided; the missing path says so
     // instead of the row disappearing with the file.
     meeting.path === ''
@@ -436,14 +454,13 @@ function ProjectBoardRecord({ record }) {
   // #1831: a pending decision card carries its level, who it is addressed to, and — for a severe
   // card — the host's own refusal to advance it. The words are the host's; the badge only says
   // which level it is, so a reader can see a severe card without opening it.
-  const recipientText = list => (list.length === 0 ? null : list.map(name => `@${name}`).join(', '))
-  const levelOf = meeting => h('span', { className: 'bt-project-level', 'data-level': meeting.level }, t(meeting.level))
   const pendingRows = meetings.pending.map(meeting => h('div', { key: meeting.key, className: 'bt-project-meeting', 'data-status': meeting.status, 'data-level': meeting.level },
     h('span', { className: 'bt-project-date' }, meeting.date),
     h('span', { className: 'bt-project-title' }, meeting.blockingQuestion === null ? meeting.question : meeting.blockingQuestion),
     levelOf(meeting),
     recipientText(meeting.recipients) === null ? null : h('span', { className: 'bt-project-recipients' }, recipientText(meeting.recipients)),
     meeting.advance.allowed ? null : h('span', { className: 'bt-project-paused' }, meeting.advance.reason),
+    proxyRow(meeting),
     h('span', { className: 'bt-project-status' }, meeting.status)))
   return h('section', { className: 'bt-project-record', 'data-decisions': String(decisions.count), 'data-meetings': String(meetings.count) },
     h('h4', null, t('Decisions')),
diff --git a/patches/ds-bot/files/src/host/meetings.js b/patches/ds-bot/files/src/host/meetings.js
index 513d04879..38b8efb55 100644
--- a/patches/ds-bot/files/src/host/meetings.js
+++ b/patches/ds-bot/files/src/host/meetings.js
@@ -40,13 +40,19 @@ export const decisionsPath = (now, slug) => `decisions/${dateOf(now)}-${slug}.md
 function readParticipants(value) {
   if (!Array.isArray(value) || value.length === 0) throw refuse('invalid', 'a meeting needs at least one invited participant')
   if (value.length > PARTICIPANTS_MAX) throw refuse('invalid', `a meeting invites at most ${PARTICIPANTS_MAX} participants`)
-  const names = []
+  const invited = []
   for (const item of value) {
     const name = oneLine(typeof item === 'string' ? item : item?.name, NAME_MAX)
     if (name === '') throw refuse('invalid', 'a participant needs a name')
-    if (!names.includes(name)) names.push(name)
+    const speaksFor = oneLine(typeof item === 'string' ? '' : item?.speaksFor, NAME_MAX)
+    if (invited.some(entry => entry.name === name)) continue
+    invited.push(speaksFor === '' ? { name } : { name, speaksFor })
   }
-  return names.map(name => ({ name, position: undefined, silent: false }))
+  return invited.map(entry => ({
+    ...entry,
+    position: undefined,
+    silent: false,
+  }))
 }
 
 // #1831: the level a decision card carries, and who it is addressed to. `ordinary` closes on one
@@ -103,8 +109,36 @@ function readOptions(value) {
 // or undefined when it may: every invited participant recorded a position (or is recorded as not
 // answering), the decision names its owner, and a dissent carries its own owner. `blocked` is not
 // checked here — a blocked meeting is a legitimate outcome with its own one-sentence question.
+// #1861: a Project Chief or an owner's agent may hold a position for a person, but a `severe`
+// decision may not rest on a proxy alone. When one side's every position is a proxy and the
+// spoken-for person has neither taken a position nor been recorded silent, the meeting is refused
+// before anything is written: the person whose risk it is has to be on the record.
+export function proxyRefusal(meeting) {
+  const level = DECISION_LEVELS.includes(meeting.level) ? meeting.level : 'ordinary'
+  if (level !== 'severe') return undefined
+  const sides = new Map()
+  for (const participant of meeting.participants ?? []) {
+    if (participant?.position === undefined) continue
+    const spokenFor = oneLine(participant.speaksFor ?? participant.position?.speaksFor, NAME_MAX)
+    const side = sides.get(participant.position.stance) ?? []
+    side.push({ name: participant.name, speaksFor: spokenFor })
+    sides.set(participant.position.stance, side)
+  }
+  for (const [stance, side] of sides) {
+    if (!side.every(entry => entry.speaksFor !== '')) continue
+    for (const entry of side) {
+      const person = (meeting.participants ?? []).find(p => p.name === entry.speaksFor)
+      if (person !== undefined && (person.position !== undefined || person.silent === true)) continue
+      return `the ${stance} side of a severe decision rests only on a proxy: ${entry.speaksFor} must take the position itself or be recorded silent`
+    }
+  }
+  return undefined
+}
+
 export function governanceRefusal(meeting) {
   if (!OPEN_STATES.has(meeting.status)) return `the meeting is ${meeting.status}, not open or deliberating`
+  const proxied = proxyRefusal(meeting)
+  if (proxied !== undefined) return proxied
   const missing = (meeting.participants ?? []).filter(p => p.position === undefined && p.silent !== true).map(p => p.name)
   if (missing.length > 0) return `no position recorded for: ${missing.join(', ')}`
   if (oneLine(meeting.owner, NAME_MAX) === '') return 'the decision names no owner'
@@ -163,7 +197,8 @@ const decisionBody = (meeting, file, at) => {
     const said = position === undefined
       ? 'invited; recorded no position (silent)'
       : `${position.stance}${position.text ? ` — ${position.text}` : ''}`
-    lines.push(`- **${participant.name}** — ${said}`)
+    const proxy = oneLine(participant.speaksFor ?? position?.speaksFor, NAME_MAX)
+    lines.push(`- **${participant.name}** — ${said}${proxy === '' ? '' : ` (speaks for ${proxy})`}`)
   }
   lines.push('', '## Dissent', '')
   lines.push(meeting.dissent === undefined
@@ -220,7 +255,7 @@ export function install(rt) {
     return meeting
   }
 
-  const position = (meeting, { as, stance, text, silent }, now) => {
+  const position = (meeting, { as, stance, text, silent, speaksFor }, now) => {
     if (!OPEN_STATES.has(meeting.status)) throw refuse('closed', `the meeting is ${meeting.status}`)
     const name = oneLine(as, NAME_MAX)
     const participant = meeting.participants.find(p => p.name === name)
@@ -236,7 +271,12 @@ export function install(rt) {
     participant.silent = false
     const chosen = String(stance ?? 'agree')
     if (!STANCES.includes(chosen)) throw refuse('invalid', 'stance must be agree, dissent or abstain')
-    participant.position = { stance: chosen, text: oneLine(text, TEXT_MAX), at: now }
+    // #1861: a Project Chief or an owner's agent writes a position on a person's behalf, and the
+    // record says whose it is; an empty value clears it rather than leaving a stale name behind.
+    const spokenFor = oneLine(speaksFor, NAME_MAX)
+    if (spokenFor === '') delete participant.speaksFor
+    else participant.speaksFor = spokenFor
+    participant.position = { stance: chosen, text: oneLine(text, TEXT_MAX), at: now, ...(spokenFor === '' ? {} : { speaksFor: spokenFor }) }
     if (chosen === 'dissent' && oneLine(text, TEXT_MAX) !== '') {
       meeting.dissent = { text: oneLine(text, TEXT_MAX), owner: name }
     }
@@ -466,7 +506,8 @@ export function install(rt) {
     if (meeting.blockingAnswer !== undefined) lines.push(`answer: ${meeting.blockingAnswer}`)
     if (meeting.decisionFile !== undefined) lines.push(`decision file: ${meeting.decisionFile}`, `tasks: ${meeting.taskIds.join(', ') || 'none'}`)
     for (const participant of meeting.participants) {
-      lines.push(`- ${participant.name}: ${participant.position === undefined ? 'silent' : `${participant.position.stance}${participant.position.text ? ` — ${participant.position.text}` : ''}`}`)
+      const proxy = oneLine(participant.speaksFor ?? participant.position?.speaksFor, NAME_MAX)
+      lines.push(`- ${participant.name}: ${participant.position === undefined ? 'silent' : `${participant.position.stance}${participant.position.text ? ` — ${participant.position.text}` : ''}`}${proxy === '' ? '' : ` (speaks for ${proxy})`}`)
     }
     return lines.join('\n')
   }
@@ -483,7 +524,7 @@ export function install(rt) {
         return summary(made)
       }
       case 'position': {
-        const recorded = position(find(body.meeting), { as: body.as ?? actor?.name, stance: body.stance, text: body.text, silent: body.silent }, now)
+        const recorded = position(find(body.meeting), { as: body.as ?? actor?.name, stance: body.stance, text: body.text, silent: body.silent, speaksFor: body.speaksFor }, now)
         await rt.save()
         return summary(recorded)
       }
@@ -518,9 +559,23 @@ export function install(rt) {
       title: { type: 'string', description: 'Optional short title for the decision record (open)' },
       issue: { type: 'integer', description: 'The issue number that triggered the meeting (open)' },
       project: { type: 'string', description: 'The Project the meeting belongs to (open)' },
-      participants: { type: 'array', items: { type: 'string' }, description: 'Every invited participant name (open)' },
+      participants: {
+        type: 'array',
+        items: {
+          oneOf: [
+            { type: 'string' },
+            {
+              type: 'object',
+              additionalProperties: false,
+              properties: { name: { type: 'string' }, speaksFor: { type: 'string' } },
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+        description: 'Every invited participant name, or {name, speaksFor} when the participant is a proxy for someone (open)',
+      },
       options: { type: 'array', items: { type: 'string' }, description: 'Options the meeting weighed (open)' },
       as: { type: 'string', description: 'The participant the position belongs to (position); defaults to the calling Bot\'s name' },
+      speaksFor: { type: 'string', description: 'The person a proxy position speaks for (position): a Project Chief or the owner\'s agent records whose position this is' },
       silent: { type: 'boolean', description: 'Record that the participant did not answer (position); counts as a recorded position for `decided`' },
       stance: { type: 'string', enum: ['agree', 'dissent', 'abstain'], description: 'The position taken (position)' },
       text: { type: 'string', description: 'What the participant said (position)' },
diff --git a/patches/ds-bot/files/src/host/project-board.js b/patches/ds-bot/files/src/host/project-board.js
index d05ba2a05..cb2ea4658 100644
--- a/patches/ds-bot/files/src/host/project-board.js
+++ b/patches/ds-bot/files/src/host/project-board.js
@@ -187,8 +187,20 @@ export function decisionCardOf(meeting) {
   const recipients = Array.isArray(meeting?.recipients)
     ? meeting.recipients.map(item => text(typeof item === 'string' ? item : item?.name)).filter(name => name !== '')
     : []
+  // #1861: the board says who spoke for whom, so a proxy position reads as one. A participant with
+  // no speaksFor is the person themselves; nothing is inferred.
+  const participants = Array.isArray(meeting?.participants)
+    ? meeting.participants
+      .map(participant => ({
+        name: text(participant?.name),
+        speaksFor: text(participant?.speaksFor ?? participant?.position?.speaksFor) || null,
+        stance: text(participant?.position?.stance) || null,
+        silent: participant?.silent === true,
+      }))
+      .filter(participant => participant.name !== '')
+    : []
   const refusal = advanceRefusal(meeting)
-  return { level, recipients, advance: refusal === undefined ? { allowed: true } : { allowed: false, reason: refusal } }
+  return { level, recipients, participants, advance: refusal === undefined ? { allowed: true } : { allowed: false, reason: refusal } }
 }
 
 export function install(rt) {
diff --git a/patches/ds-bot/files/test/meetings.test.js b/patches/ds-bot/files/test/meetings.test.js
index bb1cb4dd5..2ea3d10ba 100644
--- a/patches/ds-bot/files/test/meetings.test.js
+++ b/patches/ds-bot/files/test/meetings.test.js
@@ -223,3 +223,57 @@ test('#1731: two Chinese questions decided on one day keep separate decision fil
   assert.notEqual(files[0], files[1])
   assert.deepEqual(readdirSync(join(dir, 'decisions')).sort(), files.map(f => f.replace('decisions/', '')).sort())
 })
+
+// #1861: a Project Chief or an owner's agent speaks for a person. The position is recorded once,
+// the record says whose it is, and a severe decision may not rest on a proxy alone.
+test('#1861: a proxy position is stored, counted once, and the record names whom it speaks for', async (t) => {
+  const { rt, dir, meeting, open, stop } = await boot()
+  t.after(stop)
+  const id = await open('Who holds the storage decision?', ['Chief', 'Owner', { name: 'Project Chief', speaksFor: 'Owner' }])
+  const text = await meeting({ action: 'position', meeting: id, as: 'Project Chief', stance: 'agree', text: 'the existing store', speaksFor: 'Owner' })
+  assert.match(text, /positions 1\/3/)
+  assert.match(text, /Project Chief: agree — the existing store \(speaks for Owner\)/)
+  const stored = rt.state.meetings[id].participants.find(p => p.name === 'Project Chief')
+  assert.equal(stored.speaksFor, 'Owner')
+  assert.equal(stored.position.speaksFor, 'Owner')
+  // The same position read again is one position, not two.
+  await meeting({ action: 'position', meeting: id, as: 'Owner', silent: true })
+  await meeting({ action: 'position', meeting: id, as: 'Chief', stance: 'agree', text: 'the existing store' })
+  await meeting({ action: 'decide', meeting: id, owner: 'Chief', decision: 'Use the existing store.', evidence: [{ pr: 1861 }] })
+  const body = readFileSync(join(dir, rt.state.meetings[id].decisionFile), 'utf8')
+  assert.match(body, /\*\*Project Chief\*\* — agree — the existing store \(speaks for Owner\)/)
+  assert.match(body, /Written-by: Chief/)
+})
+
+test('#1861: a severe decision is refused when its only agree position is a proxy and the person is absent', async (t) => {
+  const { rt, dir, meeting, open, stop } = await boot()
+  t.after(stop)
+  const id = await open('Should the storage migration be irreversible?', ['Chief', 'Owner', 'Reviewer'], { level: 'severe' })
+  await meeting({ action: 'position', meeting: id, as: 'Chief', stance: 'agree', text: 'ship it', speaksFor: 'Owner' })
+  await meeting({ action: 'position', meeting: id, as: 'Reviewer', stance: 'dissent', text: 'wait' })
+  await assert.rejects(
+    meeting({ action: 'decide', meeting: id, owner: 'Chief', decision: 'Ship the migration.', evidence: [{ pr: 1861 }] }),
+    /governance: the agree side of a severe decision rests only on a proxy: Owner must take the position itself or be recorded silent/,
+  )
+  assert.equal(rt.state.meetings[id].status, 'deliberating')
+  assert.equal(existsSync(join(dir, 'decisions')), false, 'a refused severe decision writes no file')
+  // The same proxy carries it once the person is recorded silent, and the file says so.
+  await meeting({ action: 'position', meeting: id, as: 'Owner', silent: true })
+  await meeting({ action: 'decide', meeting: id, owner: 'Chief', decision: 'Ship the migration.', evidence: [{ pr: 1861 }] })
+  const body = readFileSync(join(dir, rt.state.meetings[id].decisionFile), 'utf8')
+  assert.match(body, /\*\*Owner\*\* — invited; recorded no position \(silent\)/)
+  assert.match(body, /\*\*Chief\*\* — agree — ship it \(speaks for Owner\)/)
+})
+
+test('#1861: the decision card exposes the participants and their proxies', async (t) => {
+  const { rt, open, meeting, stop } = await boot()
+  t.after(stop)
+  const { decisionCardOf } = await import('../src/host/project-board.js')
+  const id = await open('Who holds the storage decision?', ['Chief', 'Owner'])
+  await meeting({ action: 'position', meeting: id, as: 'Chief', stance: 'agree', text: 'ship it', speaksFor: 'Owner' })
+  const card = decisionCardOf(rt.state.meetings[id])
+  assert.deepEqual(card.participants, [
+    { name: 'Chief', speaksFor: 'Owner', stance: 'agree', silent: false },
+    { name: 'Owner', speaksFor: null, stance: null, silent: false },
+  ])
+})
diff --git a/patches/ds-bot/files/test/project-board-levels.test.js b/patches/ds-bot/files/test/project-board-levels.test.js
index 78f5cd96b..8f820077d 100644
--- a/patches/ds-bot/files/test/project-board-levels.test.js
+++ b/patches/ds-bot/files/test/project-board-levels.test.js
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ test('#1831: a severe card on the board carries the pause reason the host refuse
   assert.equal(severe.advance.allowed, false)
   assert.match(severe.advance.reason, /waits for the Owner/)
   // A record written before this slice carries none of the three keys and reads as ordinary.
-  assert.deepEqual(decisionCardOf({ id: 'meeting-0', status: 'open' }), { level: 'ordinary', recipients: [], advance: { allowed: true } })
+  assert.deepEqual(decisionCardOf({ id: 'meeting-0', status: 'open' }), { level: 'ordinary', recipients: [], participants: [], advance: { allowed: true } })
 })
 
 test('#1831: the board read copies the level, the recipients and the identities it was given', async () => {